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ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”

ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ื˜ื‘ืข, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช โ€ข ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช


ืžื”ืคืš - ืœื ืœืคื—: ื”ืืงืชื•ืŸ ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ืื‘ื“ืŸ ื•ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ


ื”ืืงืชื•ืŸ ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ืื‘ื“ืŸ ื•ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื˜ืืจื˜ืืคื™ื, ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืกืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”  15-03-2017




ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ื“ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื•ื ื–ืจืงื™ื ืœืคื—. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืžืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืขื•ื“ืคื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ? ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืฆืœ ืขื•ื“ืคื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขื™ื? ืžื”ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืจืงื•ืช "ืžื›ื•ืขืจื™ื"?

ยป ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื? ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ื ื• ืœืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง

ืžืจื›ื– ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื›ืคืจ, ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช The Natural Step ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืกื˜ืจื˜ืื•, ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ื–ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ - ืžืฉื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืงืชื•ืŸ ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ืื‘ื“ืŸ ื•ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื˜ืืจื˜ืืคื™ื, ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืกืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.

ืื ืืชื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.ย 

ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื.

ื”ื ื›ื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ื', ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™. ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืฉืžื” - ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ

ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ืืงืชื•ืŸ (Hackathon) ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื”ืืง" โ€“ ืชื›ื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื•"ืžืจืชื•ืŸ," ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืงืืชื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื• ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™. ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžื›ื ืก, ื‘ื”ืงืืชื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืžืชืจื›ื–ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืงืืชื•ืŸ. ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืงืืชื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ืœืžืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืื• ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืื• ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื• ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื”ืจืฆืืชืš ื™ื•ืคืง ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืข"ื™ StarTAU, ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ื–ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื™ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข "ืžืจื›ื– ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืืกืคืงืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ" ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืช"ื (ืžื•ืกื“ ืืงื“ืžื™) ื•ื—ืœ"ืฆ The Natural Step Israel (TNS) ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื”ื˜ืžืขืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช. ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ The Natural Step ื”ืคื•ืขืœืช ืžืขืœ 25 ืฉื ื”.

ื”ื”ืืงืชื•ืŸ ื”ืจืœื‘ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื ื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช; ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื—ืกื•ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื”ืืงืชื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื”.

ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืืชื•ืŸ "ืžืฆืžืฆืžื™ื ืืช ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื”ื™ื ืŸ:

(ื) ืžืฆื™ืืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืžืฉืœื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื•ื”ื”ืคืฆื” ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื”.

(ื‘) ื”ืขืœืืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื” ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืœื›ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืืš ืœื ืจืง, ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื”.

ืœื”ืืงืชื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื“. ื“ื•"ื— ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืฉื ืช 2015 ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™-ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื ื•ืฆืœ ืœื”ื–ื ืช ื ื–ืงืงื™ื ืฉื™ื“ื ืื™ื ื” ืžืฉื’ืช ืœืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจื•, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืจื“ื•ืช ืœื˜ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ื”ืขืœืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™-ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงืจืงืข, ืžื™ื, ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื, ื“ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื“ืœืง, ื’ื•ืจื ื ื–ืงื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืงื‘ ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™, ืขืงื‘ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื ืžื“ืฉื ื™ื, ืขืงื‘ ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื™-ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจืงืข, ื•ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš ืืช ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื’ื– ื”ืžืชืืŸ ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื•ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ืข ื•ื”ื˜ืžื ื”.

ืœื“ืขืช ืžืฉืจื“ ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื•ืžืชื•ืื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ื•ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขืžื•.

ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืœืงื— ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื•ืœืฆื“ ืคื™ื™ืœื•ื˜ ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ื™ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ืœื ื–ืงืงื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื•ื“ืง ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืขืœืืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœืฉืžื ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื”ื”ืืงืชื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆืข ืœืขื™ืœ.

ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืžืœื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช (ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื). ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ื ื’ื–ืจื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ืœืฉื ืช 2017.

ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื ื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื:

(ื) ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืขื•ื“ืคื™ื: ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื ื–ืจืงื™ื ืืœืคื™ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืจืงื•ืช ืขืงื‘ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ (ื”ื™ืฆืข) ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžื—ืคืฉ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”/ืฉื™ืจื•ืช/ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืงืœืื™ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืชื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืชืžืงืกื ืืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ื˜ื•ื ืื™ื ื•ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง. ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ืคื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™.

(ื‘) ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืขื•ื“ืคื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขื™ื: ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืชืคื•ืงื” ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืคืจืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ืฉืœืื•ืจ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืชื™ืฉืืจ ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืฉื“ื”, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžื—ืคืฉ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”/ืฉื™ืจื•ืช/ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ ื•ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ื”ืขื•ื“ืคืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช. ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœืขื•ื“ืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“.

(ื’) ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืชื•ืฆืจืช ืกื•ื’ ื‘': ืืœืคื™ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ ื ื–ืจืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืืจื™ื–ื” ืขืงื‘ ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืžื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืจืื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ื’ื•ื“ืœ, ืฆื•ืจื”, ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืคื’ืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื). ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžื—ืคืฉ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”/ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ/ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืจืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.












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